Class name Subject Book title Chapter number Content Created at
Class XII Chemistry Chemistry-II 2 no ether is formed. For example, the reaction of CH ONa with (CH ) C–Br gives exclusively 2-methylpropene. 3 3 3 It is because alkoxides are not on...
Class XII Chemistry Chemistry-II 2 bonds with water molecule as shown: 7.6.3 Chemical 1. Cleavage of C–O bond in ethers Reactions Ethers are the least reactive of the functional grou...
Class XII Chemistry Chemistry-II 2 in step 2 of the reaction, the departure of leaving group + (HO–CH )3reatesamorestablecarbocation[(CH ) C ],a3 3hereaction follows SN1 mechanism. I...
Class XII Chemistry Chemistry-II 2 yield a mixture of ortho and para nitroanisole. Intext Questions 7.10 Write the reactions of Williamson synthesis of 2-ethoxy-3-methylpentane start...
Class XII Chemistry Chemistry-II 2 to oxidation. The presence of –OH group in phenols activates the aromatic ring towards electrophilic substitution and directs the incoming group to...
Class XII Chemistry Chemistry-II 2 7.8 While separating a mixture of ortho and para nitrophenols by steam distillation, name the isomer which will be steam volatile. Give reason. 7.9...
Class XII Chemistry Chemistry-II 2 propene. (vi) Butan-2-one to butan-2-ol. 7.22 Give reason for the higher boiling point of ethanol in comparison to methoxymethane. 223 Alcohols, Ph...
Class XII Chemistry Chemistry-II 3 Unit Objectives Aldehydes, Ketones After studying this Unit, you will be able to and Carboxylic • write the common and IUPAC names of aldehydes, ke...
Class XII Chemistry Chemistry-II 3 They are used in many food products and pharmaceuticals to add flavours. Some of these families are manufactured for use as solvents (i.e., acetone...
Class XII Chemistry Chemistry-II 3 from the carbon of the aldehyde group while in case of ketones the numbering begins from the end nearer to the carbonyl group. The substituents are...
Class XII Chemistry Chemistry-II 3 it lie in the same plane and the -electron cloud is above and below this plane. The bond angles are approximately 120° as expected of a trigonal co...
Class XII Chemistry Chemistry-II 3 give ketones in this reaction (Unit 9, Class XI). 8.2.2 Preparation 1. From acyl chloride (acid chloride) of Acyl chloride (acid chloride) is hydro...
Class XII Chemistry Chemistry-II 3 reaction is known as Gatterman-Koch reaction. 8.2.3 Preparation 1. From acyl chlorides of Ketones Treatment of acyl chlorides with dialkylcadmium, ...
Class XII Chemistry Chemistry-II 3 alcohols of similar molecular masses due to absence of intermolecular hydrogen bonding. The following compounds of molecular masses 58 and 60 are r...
Class XII Chemistry Chemistry-II 3 the following compounds in increasing order of their boiling points. CH 3HO, CH CH3OH,2CH OCH 3 CH C3 CH 3 2 3 8.4 Chemical Since aldehydes and ket...
Class XII Chemistry Chemistry-II 3 important examples of nucleophilic addition and nucleophilic addition-elimination reactions: (a) Addition of hydrogen cyanide (HCN): Aldehydes and ...
Class XII Chemistry Chemistry-II 3 acid. The equilibrium favours the product formation due to rapid dehydration of the intermediate to form >C=N-Z. Z = Alkyl, aryl, OH, NH , C H NH, ...
Class XII Chemistry Chemistry-II 3 is called cross aldol condensation. If both of them contain -hydrogen atoms, it gives a mixture of four products. This is illustrated below by aldo...
Class XII Chemistry Chemistry-II 3 hence its name carboxyl. Carboxylic acids may be aliphatic (RCOOH) or aromatic (ArCOOH) depending on the group, alkyl or aryl, attached to carboxyl...
Class XII Chemistry Chemistry-II 3 Isobutyric acid 2-Methylpropanoic acid HOOC-COOH Oxalic acid Ethanedioic acid HOOC -CH -C2OH Malonic acid Propanedioic acid HOOC -(CH ) 2 2OH Succi...
Class XII Chemistry Chemistry-II 3 with these oxidising reagents. 3. From nitriles and amides Nitriles are hydrolysed to amides and then to acids in the presence of  H or OH as cata...
Class XII Chemistry Chemistry-II 3 masses. This is due to more extensive association of carboxylic acid molecules through intermolecular hydrogen bonding. The hydrogen bonds are not ...
Class XII Chemistry Chemistry-II 3 acids: The esterification of carboxylic acids with alcohols is a kind of nucleophilic acyl substitution. Protonation of the carbonyl oxygen activat...
Class XII Chemistry Chemistry-II 3 known as Hell-Volhard-Zelinsky reaction. 253 Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids Reprint 2026-27 2. Ring substitution Aromatic carboxylic acids...
Class XII Chemistry Chemistry-II 3 of acyl chloride with dialkylcadmium. A good method for the preparation of aromatic ketones is the Friedel-Crafts acylation of aromatic hydrocarbon...