Class name Subject Book title Chapter number Content Created at
Class XII Biotechnology Biotechnology 4 2025-26 Box 1: History of GMO Technology 30,333 BCE 7,800 BCE wolves began Oldest evidence of 1974 Boyer & Cohen develop Genetic engineering (GE) J...
Class XII Biotechnology Biotechnology 4 genes is called T-DNA, which is transferred to plant genome upon infection. These genes encode for phytohormones, like auxin and cytokinins, which ...
Class XII Biotechnology Biotechnology 4 carry the used to insert the foreign gene and Culture of plant The plant cells are may express it as a cell with antibiotics grown in culture T-DNA...
Class XII Biotechnology Biotechnology 4 Protoplasts are spherical naked plant cells, which are produced by the removal of cell walls. These naked cells are capable of taking up DNA from t...
Class XII Biotechnology Biotechnology 4 molecule was synthesised. However, the bacterium fails to remove the signal peptide from the intermediate HGH molecule. Nucleotide sequence coding ...
Class XII Biotechnology Biotechnology 4 mass region of the blastocyst stage. The r-DNA is transfered into these ES cells by electroporation. Few ES cells take up the transgene and get tra...
Class XII Biotechnology Biotechnology 4 genetically manipulated ‘knockout’ cells. Embryonic chimeras of the mouse have become a tool to investigate the critical developmental processes, i...
Class XII Biotechnology Biotechnology 4 Bt gene encodes a toxin (Bt toxin), which is naturally produced by B. thuringiensis as an insecticidal protein to kill insects. There are several c...
Class XII Biotechnology Biotechnology 4 Alpha-amylase expression Increased lysine level for use in animal feed Reduction of yield-loss under water-limited conditions Tolerance to herbicid...
Class XII Economics Introductory Macroeconomics 2 at the bottom of the diagram similarly represent the factors of production i market. The lower most arrow going from the households to the firms sy...
Class XII Biotechnology Biotechnology 4 inhibited by inactivating its mRNA through RNA induced silencing complex (RISC). A double stranded RNA of exogenous (viral origin) or endogenous or...
Class XII Biotechnology Biotechnology 4 new bioscience ‘Molecular Farming’. It involves the genetic modification of the host plant through purposeful addition of a gene or group of genes ...
Class XII Biotechnology Biotechnology 4 forms. Mercury is a hazardous heavy metal, largely found in the aquatic ecosystems. Transgenic plants have been designed to incorporate the mercuri...
Class XII Biotechnology Biotechnology 4 vaccines, drugs and chemicals before they can be used on humans. 4.2.4 Concern over GMOs The major concern over GMOs is the potential risk to human...
Class XII Biotechnology Biotechnology 4 technique designed to repair faulty genes in humans by introducing correct genetic material inside the cells. The obvious candidate diseases for ge...
Class XII Biotechnology Biotechnology 4 gene that normally prevents Fig. 4.7: Cross section of air passage (a) normal and tumor growth. Several types of cancers (b) in cystic fibrosis hav...
Class XII Biotechnology Biotechnology 4 reintroduced into the patient. This is also known as cellbased delivery. Ex vivo approach is much simpler as compared to in vivo approach, because ...
Class XII Biotechnology Biotechnology 4 normal gene using homologous recombination. Attempts to correct the function of a defective gene as described above could become possible only afte...
Class XII Chemistry Chemistry-II 3 (Tollens’ reagent), a bright silver mirror is produced due to the formation of silver metal. The aldehydes are oxidised to corresponding carboxylat...
Class XII Biotechnology Biotechnology 4 cells often forms a subject for heated discussion in the field of science. Since, gene therapy includes making changes to the body’s basic set of g...
Class XII Biotechnology Biotechnology 4 DPT (diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus) and MMR (measles, mumps, rubella), etc. Initially, vaccines were developed mostly by attenuation or inactivati...
Class XII Biotechnology Biotechnology 4 Plasmid Recombinant plasmid (allowed to multiply in E. coli) Plasmid insertion vectors Vaccinia virus Animal cell Recombinant vaccinia virus Fig. 4...
Class XII Biotechnology Biotechnology 4 to digest, requires no cooking, palatable, inexpensive and available throughout the year. Gene from a Vector Leaf segments sprout into Eating banan...
Class XII Biotechnology Biotechnology 4 a few muscle cells, which after protein expression, induce the immune system. DNA vaccines are capable of inducing both humoral and cellular immune...
Class XII Biotechnology Biotechnology 4 of injected mRNA is prevented by modifying it in a variety of ways, e.g., the addition of a 5' cap; the length and structure of a 3’ PolyA tail, et...