Class name Subject Book title Chapter number Content Created at
Class XII Biotechnology Biotechnology 4 no risk of antigen persistence or integration into the genome. mRNA Vaccine Development against COVID-19 The COVID-19 pandemic demonstrated the thr...
Class XII Biotechnology Biotechnology 4 to different regions of antigen called epitopes present on the surface of antigen and hence, designated polyclonal antibodies. This polyclonal anti...
Class XII Biotechnology Biotechnology 4 or humanised antibodies possessing higher effectiveness and activity. Antibody forming plasma cells Antigen + Fusion Hybridoma cells Immunisation P...
Class XII Biotechnology Biotechnology 4 very similar except one or three amino acids. But these minor differences in the chemical structure can lead to an allergic response in some diabet...
Class XII Biotechnology Biotechnology 4 for each of the two insulin polypeptides next to a highly expressed gene for E-galactosidase. Antibiotic Insulin gene Antibiotic Insulin gene A sub...
Class XII Biotechnology Biotechnology 4 amino acids, lipids and carbohydrate metabolism during childhood as well as the adulthood. Fig. 4.15: Eli Lilly Company has been marketing E.coli e...
Class XII Biotechnology Biotechnology 4 Polymorphism (RFLP). • The process of insertion of a foreign gene (transgene) into the genome of an organism and its transmission and expression in...
Class XII Biotechnology Biotechnology 4 genes in humans by introducing correct genetic material inside cells. There are three main approaches for gene therapy, they are: (i) Gene replacem...
Class XII Biotechnology Biotechnology 4 Applications of Recombinant DNA technology 107 Reprint 2025-26 EXERCISES 1. What do you mean by DNA fingerprinting? Explain it through RFLP. 2. Wha...
Class XII Biotechnology Biotechnology 4 and reason are true but the reason is not the correct explanation of the assertion. (c) Assertion is true but reason is false. (d) Both assertion a...
Class XII Biotechnology Biotechnology 5 UNIT II Genome Engineering Chapter 5: Genome Technology and Engineering Reprint 2025-26 Stanley Norman Cohen 17 February 1935—present Stanley Cohen...
Class XII Biotechnology Biotechnology 5 genomics 5.6 Protein on understanding the biology of organisms have been engineering detailed. In Chapter 7 of Class XI, students have already stud...
Class XII Biotechnology Biotechnology 5 scientist might also be interested to know the genetic basis (genes and mutations in it) of a particular phenotype. Therefore, a set fg h a a of te...
Class XII Biotechnology Biotechnology 5 between them. Therefore, decreased recombination frequency is an indication that distance between said loci is less. When genetic loci are arranged...
Class XII Biotechnology Biotechnology 5 of restriction sites of the genome. Such a map can easily be compared with others noticing the gain or loss of certain restriction sites resulting ...
Class XII Biotechnology Biotechnology 5 one larger unique band in (y). Genome Technologyand Engineering 117 Reprint 2025-26 RFLP DNA morph of individual 1 DNA morph of individual 2 RE RE ...
Class XII Biotechnology Biotechnology 5 narrow down the region of interest to small locus of DNA, that is, statistically associated with the phenotype of interest. Only this small region ...
Class XII Biotechnology Biotechnology 5 are separated based on their size using capillary gel electrophoresis technique (in Genome Technologyand Engineering Reprint 2025-26 which the elec...
Class XII Biotechnology Biotechnology 5 special method called Bridge PCR Amplification. A flow cell is a solid support, where single stranded small oligonucleotides (8 –10 bases) are atta...
Class XII Biotechnology Biotechnology 5 this way, millions of fragments are sequenced parallelly at the same time. The sequencing reaction is polymerase based and it is carried out in the...
Class XII Biotechnology Biotechnology 5 current is maintained across the nanopore, and it is monitored continuously. When the single stranded DNA bases pass through the pore, the porins l...
Class XII Biotechnology Biotechnology 5 inheritance, identification of the genetic disorders that are inherited and so on. Whole genome sequencing of human genome started in 1990 and comp...
Class XII Biotechnology Biotechnology 5 high-throughput DNA sequencing, DNA sequencing technology itself has been adapted to do much more than just reveal the genome sequence of an organi...
Class XII Biotechnology Biotechnology 5 of microbial communities living in extreme environments, like high temperature sulphur springs can help to identify the novel enzymes that are resi...
Class XII Biotechnology Biotechnology 5 insertion. This behaviour of transposon is exploited to knock-out an existing gene. In such a strategy, the transposon is engineered, so that it re...